基质效应对不同蔬菜中有机磷农药残留检测的影响

采用NY/T 761-2008方法,通过使用不同基质,对5类蔬菜中10种有机磷农药残留进行了检测,明确了不同的基质溶液对检测结果的影响程度。建议今后的检测过程中合理地利用基质效应,尽量采用蔬菜分类检测,不同种类的蔬菜采用不同的基质,这样能够大大减少基质带来的干扰,提高结果的准确性。     

Effects of cotton field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in an arid region of Northwest China

Changes in both soil organic C storage and soil respiration in farmland ecosystems may affect atmospheric CO2 concentration and global C cycle. The objective of this field experiment was to study the effects of three crop field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in a cotton field in an arid region of Northwest China. The three management practices were irrigation methods（drip and flood）, stubble managements（stubble-incorporated and stubble-removed） and fertilizer amendments（no fertilizer（CK）, chicken manure（OM）, inorganic N, P and K fertilizer（NPK）, and inorganic fertilizer plus chicken manure（NPK＋OM））. The results showed that within the C pool range, soil CO2 emission during the whole growing season was higher in the drip irrigation treatment than in the corresponding flood irrigation treatment, while soil organic C concentration was larger in the flood irrigation treatment than in the corresponding drip irrigation treatment. Furthermore, soil CO2 emission and organic C concentration were all higher in the stubble-incorporated treatment than in the corresponding stubble-removed treatment, and larger in the NPK＋OM treatment than in the other three fertilizer amendments within the C pool range. The combination of flood irrigation, stubble incorporation and application of either NPK＋OM or OM increased soil organic C concentration in the 0-60 cm soil depth. Calculation of net ecosystem productivity（NEP） under different management practices indicated that the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK＋OM increased the size of the C pool most, followed by the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK. In conclusion, management practices have significant impacts on soil CO2 emission, organic C concentration and C balance in cotton fields. Consequently, appropriate management practices, such as the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation, and either NPK＋OM or NPK could increase soil C storage in cotton fie     

Spatial pattern of soil organic carbon in desert grasslands of the diluvial-alluvial plains of northern Qilian Mountains

The soil properties in arid ecosystems are important determinants of vegetation distribution patterns.Soil organic carbon(SOC)content,which is closely related to soil types and the holding capacities of soil water and nutrients,exhibits complex variability in arid desert grasslands;thus,it is essentially an impact factor for the distribution pattern of desert grasslands.In the present study,an investigation was conducted to estimate the spatial pattern of SOC content in desert grasslands and the association with environmental factors in the diluvial-alluvial plains of northern Qilian Mountains.The results showed that the mean values of SOC ranged from 2.76 to 5.80 g/kg in the soil profiles,and decreased with soil depths.The coefficients of variation(CV)of the SOC were high(ranging from 48.83%to 94.67%),which indicated a strong spatial variability.SOC in the desert grasslands of the study region presented a regular spatial distribution,which increased gradually from the northwest to the southeast.The SOC distribution had a pattern linked to elevation,which may be related to the gradient of climate conditions.Soil type and plant community significantly affected the SOC.The SOC had a significant positive relationship with soil moisture(P<0.05);whereas,it had a more significant negative relationship with the soil bulk density(BD)(P<0.01).However,a number of the variations in the SOC could be explained not by the environmental factors involved in this analysis,but rather other factors(such as grazing activity and landscape).The results provide important references for soil carbon storage estimation in this study region.In addition,the SOC association with environmental variables also provides a basis for a sustainable use of the limited grassland resources in the diluvial-alluvial plains of northern Qilian Mountains.     

黄土高原半干旱区覆膜玉米农田氮变化动态研究

为了进一步明确黄土高原半干旱区覆膜农田氮素循环变化动态及其机理,以夏玉米为研究对象,采用大田试验研究了覆膜管理对植株氮素(全氮)和土壤氮素(无机氮、全氮)变化动态的影响。试验结果表明:1)覆膜和不覆膜处理土壤NO₃^--N含量随玉米生育期的推进表现出近似斜“N”的变化规律。2)相对于不覆膜处理而言,覆膜处理地上部分氮素积累量表现出倒“V”型变化趋势。成熟期不覆膜处理茎叶中氮素残留较多,即将氮素更多地用于营养生长;而覆膜能使植株吸收的氮素更多地转移到籽粒中去,更多地用于生殖生长。3)对于不同土壤剖面不覆膜处理土壤全氮含量而言,覆膜处理随玉米生育期的推进表现出相似的“W”型变化规律。且随土壤深度增加,变化规律有所延迟。三叶期至拔节期由于植物根系长度限制出现下降趋势;拔节期至籽粒形成期,由于覆膜能够改善土壤水热状况进而影响土壤中氮素分布,故出现上升趋势;籽粒形成期至成熟期变化规律与植物地上部分总氮含量恰好相反,说明该阶段土壤中全氮变化与玉米的生长状况密切相关。根据本研究结果,覆膜对玉米生育前期土壤氮素变化影响较大,生育后期土壤氮素变化主要与玉米生长状况密切相关,且覆膜有助于提高玉米的产量和营养品质。     

镉胁迫下硅对高粱生长的影响及其作用机制

尽管硅提高植物的抗镉毒害已经被广泛的报道,但是其作用机理还不明确。该试验研究在镉胁迫的条件下,硅对高粱生长的影响及作用机制。结果发现:外源施加硅能显著地缓解镉对高粱无论地上部分还是地下部分鲜重及干重的抑制作用。抗氧化酶结果表明:在正常条件下,硅对抗氧化酶的活性没有显著的影响。在镉毒害的条件下,硅显著增强CAT和POD的活性,SOD的活性不受影响。与此相对应:硅显著地降低MDA的含量。对有机酸的分析发现:在镉胁迫的条件下,叶片中有3种有机酸能够检测到:草酸,丙二酸,丁二酸,并且其含量都在硅的调节下增加。而在根系中所检测的4种有机酸中,草酸和丙二酸的含量受到硅的调节而增加,柠檬酸的含量不受影响,而苹果酸的含量却有下降的趋势。上述结果表明:硅增强高粱幼苗的抗镉胁迫与其增强高粱抗氧化酶活性及增加高粱体内有机酸的含量相关。     

海藻肥等不同施肥处理对土壤氮素矿化及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探明海藻肥及不同施肥方式的氮素养分释放规律和对作物吸收的影响,采用土壤盆栽试验,研究了等氮量施用海藻肥（S）与有机肥（M）、化肥（NPK）等不同施肥处理对菜园土壤氮矿化和春白菜氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同施肥处理对土壤氮矿化量的影响差异显著。土壤矿化的无机氮含量变化主要受土壤硝态氮（NO3--N）含量高低的影响,土壤铵态氮（NH4+-N）含量始终保持较低含量水平,且变化幅度较小。各处理春白菜采收期干物重为：施化肥（NPK）>施海藻肥（S）>有机肥与海藻肥配施（MS）,除有机肥与化肥配施（MNPK）外,其他处理间的干物重差异不显著。供试条件下,土壤氮素表观净矿化率和春白菜的吸氮量均为NPK>S>MS>CK,M和MNPK低于不施肥（CK）处理。氮肥利用率以NPK处理最高,达到67.7%,S和MS处理分别为46.9%和4.8%。各处理春白菜采收期干物重与吸氮量呈极显著正相关（R2=0.9213,n=18）,说明作物吸氮量对产量的形成具有重要作用。S与NPK处理在相同施氮量条件下对春白菜增产作用基本相同。     

不同磷效率小麦对磷的吸收及根际土壤磷组分特征差异

【目的】研究不同磷效率小麦根际土壤磷组分特征及磷高效小麦对土壤中不同形态磷素的活化利用特征,以探明磷高效小麦高效吸收利用磷素机理。【方法】在土培盆栽条件下,以小麦磷高效品种CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4和低效品种渝02321为材料,研究每kg土中施磷0、10、20和30 mg（表示为0、10、20、30 mg•kg-1）条件下其生物量、磷素积累量、根际与非根际土壤水溶性磷、无机磷组分、有机磷组分的浓度差异。【结果】不同磷效率小麦生物量、磷素积累量随着施磷量增加均有不同程度的增加,且高效品种显著高于低效品种。不同施磷处理,根际土壤水溶性磷浓度均低于非根际土壤。在低磷处理（不施磷、施磷10、20 mg•kg-1）条件下,高效品种根际土壤水溶性磷出现了亏缺,而施磷量较高（施磷30 mg•kg-1）时,其根际土壤水溶性磷则出现了富集。根际与非根际土壤无机磷组分浓度为Ca10-P＞O-P、Fe-P＞Al-P＞Ca8-P＞Ca2-P,且Ca10-P浓度占无机磷总量的50%以上。不施磷、施磷10 mg•kg-1,高效品种根际土壤中Ca2-P浓度是低效品种的1.22和1.23倍、1.31和1.59倍。低效品种根际土壤Al-P浓度在不施磷处理下是高效品种1.13和1.23倍。施磷量减少,不同磷效率小麦根际土壤均表现出O-P、Fe-P的减少。根际与非根际土壤4种有机磷组分中,以中活性有机磷浓度最高,其次为中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷,而活性有机磷的浓度最低。不施磷和施磷10 mg•kg-1处理,低效品种渝02321根际土壤活性有机磷浓度是高效品种CD1158-7和省A3宜03-4的2.00与1.76倍、1.68与1.63倍。【结论】磷高效小麦具有较强的磷素积累、物质生产和水溶性磷吸收能力。低磷胁迫下,磷高效品种活化吸收Al-P、Ca-P、活性有机磷能力强于低效品种。     

氮肥施用对柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化的影响

土壤有机碳矿化是土壤向大气释放CO2的最大净输出途径,其与植被的净初级生产力的差值是判断生态系统碳“源”或“汇”的关键。采用室内模拟试验,在10、20、30℃ 3个温度条件下,研究施肥施用对柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明：3种温度处理下,各施氮处理土壤有机碳矿化速率都表现为培养前期快速下降,培养后期保持相对稳定的趋势。在整个培养过程中,3种温度条件下各施氮处理的土壤CO2累积排放量为1328.25~2219.42 mg/kg,100 mg/kg（N4）处理土壤有机碳矿化量最大,CK处理最低,100 mg/kg（N4）和80 mg/kg（N3）2个高氮处理显著高于低氮50 mg/kg（N2）、30 mg/kg（N1）处理。土壤有机碳矿化速率随温度升高而增长,不同的土壤施氮条件下土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性不同,N2处理土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性最低,N4处理最高。柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化受高施氮量影响较大,低施氮影响不明显。随着施氮量的增加土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性增加,氮肥施用和温度的共同作用可能使柑橘林向大气中排放的CO2增加。     

11份芦笋种质材料耐盐性评价

为了给滨海盐碱地发展芦笋产业以及芦笋耐盐品种的选育提供参考,设置了0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5% 6个NaCl盐度水平,对11份芦笋种质材料种子的发芽率和幼苗的生育指数进行了测定和分析。结果表明,芦笋不同品种耐盐能力差异明显,从种子发芽情况看,NJ956、06-9耐盐能力最强,在0.5%盐浓度下仍能正常发芽,其次为NJ982、‘阿波罗’,能耐0.4%的盐浓度,‘冠军’和06-6能耐0.2%~0.3%的盐浓度;从幼苗生长情况看,‘硕丰’耐盐能力最强,其次为06-9、NJ982、‘阿波罗’、NJ956、NJ978和‘冠军’。综合种子发芽和幼苗生长情况,06-9、NJ982、‘阿波罗’、NJ956、NJ978、‘冠军’和‘硕丰’能耐0.3%或更高浓度的NaCl胁迫,可以作为耐盐品种种质材料。     

麻地膜覆盖保温特性及对白菜生长和产量的影响

为了明确不同季节麻地膜覆盖栽培保温特性及对作物生长和产量的影响,分别在冬季、春季和夏季进行不同地膜覆盖白菜对比试验。结果表明：不同季节麻地膜覆盖均能提高土壤温度,增温效果平缓,夏季不会出现膜下高温情况。麻地膜覆盖能够促进白菜出叶速率、增加株高和叶片数、增大叶面积。不同季节和不同覆盖处理间互作效应极显著(P<0.01),春季和夏季麻地膜覆盖的增产效果比冬季明显。春季和夏季麻地膜覆盖下白菜产量分别比无覆盖高45.97%和48.89%,均呈显著差异(P<0.05);分别比塑料地膜覆盖的高6.66%和51.05%,也均达显著差异(P<0.05)。